Somalia, officially known as the Federal Republic of Somalia, is located in the Horn of Africa, bordering Djibouti to the northwest, Ethiopia to the west and Kenya to the southwest. It has the longest coastline of all African states, stretching over 3025 km. The country has the majority classified as semi-arid or arid climate, with the topography characterised by mountainous terrain in the north, and mostly flat plateaus in the south (African Development Bank). The temperatures are hot, and rainfall is highly variable with two rainy seasons – the long rains (March-May) associated with southwest monsoons, and short rains (October – November) with northeast monsoons.  

Somalia is facing risk due to several natural hazards, including drought, floods, cyclones, and climate-related diseases (World Bank Group). Additionally, the increase in rainfall can be associated with the increase in rainfall events and extreme intensity of rainfall. These challenges threaten key sectors such as agriculture, which employs 70% of the workforce, as well as water security, infrastructure, and coastal settlements (Adelphi – Climate Risk Profile).  

With a large portion of the population highly vulnerable to climate risks, Somalia submitted their NDC (2021) emphasize adaptation strategies such as disaster risk reduction, improved water management, and sustainable land use practices to build resilience and ensure long-term stability.