According to the Pakistan’s 2018 Second National Communication on Climate Change, the country has been rated among the top in the list of the countries most affected by climate change in recent year, and is highly vulnerable to its devastating impact due to its diverse geographical and climatic features. Pakistan’s climate is characterized by low rainfall in most regions, except for the monsoon-influenced north. El Niño plays a crucial role in the country’s climate variability, contributing to wide swings in rainfall, temperature, and the frequency and severity of floods and droughts (Climate Change Knowledge Portal). As one of the most populated countries in the world, Pakistan faces challenges associated with rapid urbanization including unplanned growth, inadequate provision of basic services such as healthcare, water, and sanitation (UN Habitat Pakistan Country Report 2023). 
 
Ranking 1st in 2022 according to the Climate Risk Index, Pakistan’s extreme vulnerability to climate change translates to increasingly frequent and devastating weather events. The 2022 floods, resulting in over $30 billion in combined damage and losses, are a stark example. With floods and droughts now annual threats, integrating climate resilience into settlement planning and development projects, among others, is essential.