Located in Northeast Africa, the Republic of Sudan is the third-largest country by land area on the continent. The country’s climate context is generally noted to be hot throughout the year with occasional rains. Heat waves, an increasingly unpredictable and intense rainy season, prolonged droughts, and flooding are among the most recurrent manifestations of the effects of global warming in the country (Prevention Web). With these effects apparent, the country is considered to be severely threatened by the climate crisis, affecting various aspects of society, such as agriculture, food security, safety, and livelihoods, among others. Compounded by conflict in certain regions, a history of weak infrastructure and inconsistent development efforts, results in communities more and more at-risk of climate change-induced disasters and environmental emergencies (Tahir Institute for Middle East Policy). Deforestation, land degradation, biodiversity loss, pollution of natural resources, and poor sanitation are also among the challenges faced by the country, which are primarily driven by climate change (WFP Sudan Annual Country Report 2023).

Sudan’s climate strategy, as detailed in its updated 2021 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), follows a dual approach focused on ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation and urgent adaptation for its most vulnerable sectors. Sudan’s National Adaptation Plan also provides focus on building resilience in the country’s most vulnerable sectors—agriculture, water, health, and coastal zones—with a particular emphasis on agro-pastoralist communities.