Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelagic state, comprising over 17,500 islands and 81,000 km of coastlines. The islands are characterized by highly diverse geographies, topographies, and climates. High population density in urban and hazard-prone areas, combined with economic reliance on natural resources such as coal and palm oil, makes Indonesia highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change (World Bank Group, 2023). Indonesia ranks among the top 10 countries for risk in the 2023 World Risk Report and faces significant strain on social capacity due to recurring extreme events such as floods and droughts, as well as long-term changes, including sea level rise, shifting rainfall patterns, and rising temperatures (GRID Geneva, n.d.). 

Indonesia’s temperatures are projected to continue to rise by 0.8°C-1.4°C by the 2050s, with variation across the country (GRID Geneva, n.d.). Changes in rainfall patterns are expected to increase the frequency of hydro-meteorological disasters such as landslides, floods, and light tornados, posing a serious threat to human life, infrastructure, and agriculture and disproportionately affecting poorer populations (World Bank Group 2023). Indonesia is also highly vulnerable to sea level rise, as large segments of its population live in low-lying coastal areas (World Bank Group, 2021).  

In its Enhanced Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) Indonesia has updated its mitigation and adaptation plans, emphasizing that effective mitigation can reduce adaptation costs. Mitigation measures include rehabilitating degraded forest land and expanding clean energy development. The Climate Village Program (ProKlim) leads national adaptation efforts, focusing on reducing vulnerability to climate change impacts and strengthening stakeholder engagement to build climate resilience.