Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelagic state, with over 17,500 islands and 81,000km of coastlines. The islands have extremely diverse geographies, topographies, and climates. Indonesia has high population density in its urban (and hazard prone) areas which, in combination with its economic reliance on its natural resources (e.g. coal, palm oil), make Indonesia’s highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change (World Bank Group, 2023). Indonesia is among the top 10 countries for risk in the World Risk Report (2023) and faces a high risk of having depleted social capacity due to cyclical extreme events like floods and droughts and longer-term shifts in sea level, changes in rainfall patterns, and rising temperatures (GRID Geneva, n.d.). 

Indonesia’s temperature is expected to continue to rise between 0.8°C-1.4°C by the 2050s with variation across the country (GRID Geneva, n.d.). Changes in rainfall patterns are expected to increase the rate of hydro-meteorological disasters such as landslides, floods, and light tornados which pose a significant threat to human life, infrastructure, and crops and disproportionately affect the poor (World Bank Group 2023). Indonesia is especially vulnerable to sea-level rise with large parts of its population living in lowland coastal areas (World Bank Group, 2021).  

Though its Enhanced NDC to the UNFCCC Indonesia updated its mitigation and adaptation plans, emphasizing that successful mitigation will reduce the costs of adaptation. Some mitigation projects include rehabilitating degraded forest land and developing clean energy sources. Indonesia’s Climate Village Program, or ProKlim, leads its adaptation efforts with a focus on reducing vulnerability to climate change impacts and enhancing stakeholder engagement in building climate resilience.